نقش گردشگری روستایی جامعه‌محور در توسعۀ مفهوم خوداتکایی روستاهای گردشگرپذیر مورد مطالعه: شهرستان سرعین

نویسنده

گروه برنامه‌ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

10.22059/jrd.2025.395753.668922

چکیده

گردشگری روستایی جامعه‌محور یکی از مهم‌ترین انواع گردشگری است که در دهه‌های اخیر توجه ویژه‌ای را به خود جلب کرده است. همچنین مفهوم خوداتکایی روستاهای گردشگرپذیر از مفاهیم کلیدی و تأثیرگذار در روستاها است که بسیاری از جوامع در زمینۀ توسعۀ پایدار و خودکفایی محلی آن را دنبال می‌کنند.
تحقیق حاضر از نوع ترکیبی و از نظر هدف، کاربردی است. روش تحقیق آمیخته یا ترکیبی است و از رویکرد متوالی-اکتشافی بهره جسته است. در فاز اول، با استفاده از روش کیفی گروه کانونی، ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های اصلی مفهوم خوداتکایی از گردشگری روستایی مبتنی بر جامعه در روستاهای گردشگرپذیر شناسایی و استخراج شدند. در مرحلۀ دوم که از روش کمی پیمایش استفاده شده، دربارۀ تأیید و اتقان آن‌ها نظر داده می‌شود. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها و اطلاعات در فاز اول، مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته است. داده‌ها از 17 تن از خبرگان مرتبط گردآوری شدند. در فاز دوم، با استفاده از پرسشنامه اطلاعاتی جمع‌آوری شد.
مطابق یافته‌های تحقیق، 231 کد خام گردآوری شدند که با استفاده از رویکرد استقرایی در قالب 83 مضمون کلیدی، 24 مضمون یکپارچه‌کننده و چهار مضمون کلان دسته‌بندی شدند. همچنین در فاز دوم تمامی مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های استخراج‌شده مورد تأیید قرار گرفتند.
مطابق نتایج، نقش گردشگری روستایی جامعه‌محور، رکنی راهبردی در مفهوم خوداتکایی روستاهای گردشگرپذیر شهرستان سرعین است و استفاده از گردشگری روستایی جامعه‌محور می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهبرد احیای جوامع روستایی از منظر توسعۀ پایدار به‌کار گرفته شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of Community-Based Rural Tourism in Explaining the Concept of Self-Reliance in Tourist-Friendly Villages Case study: Sarein County

نویسنده [English]

  • Bahram Imani
Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
چکیده [English]

In recent decades, community-based rural tourism has garnered significant attention as o​ne of the most significant forms of tourism. Additionally, the concept of self-reliance in tourist villages is a critical and influential concept in the field of sustainable development and local self-sufficiency that is adhered to by numerous communities.
The present study is of a hybrid nature and is applied in terms of purpose. The research method used in it is a mixed one that uses a sequential-exploratory approach. The primary dimensions and components of the concept of self-reliance of community-based rural tourism in tourist villages are identified and extracted in the first phase using the qualitative focus group method. In the second phase, the quantitative survey method is employed to provide comments on their confirmation and reliability.
The initial phase employed library studies and semi-structured interviews to gather data and information from 17 pertinent experts. In the subsequent phase, a questionnaire was employed to gather information. The research findings indicate that 231 raw codes were collected and categorized using an inductive approach into 83 main themes, 24 integrative themes, and 4 overarching themes. Additionally, all extracted components and indicators were authorized during the second phase.
The research results indicate that community-based rural tourism is a strategic pillar in the concept of self-reliance of tourist villages in Sarein County. Additionally, the utilization of community-based rural tourism can be an effective strategy for revitalizing rural communities from a sustainable development perspective.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Community-Based Rural Tourism
  • Rural Tourism
  • Sarein
  • Self-Reliance
حیدری ساربان، وکیل و ملکی، ابوذر (1393). ارزیابی نقش گردشگری روستایی در توانمندسازی اجتماعی روستایی (مورد مطالعه: روستای ده‌زیارت، شهرستان بوانات، استان فارس). توسعۀ محلی (روستایی-شهری)، 6(2)، 279-298. https://doi.org/10.22059/jrd.2014.54324
سازمان میراث فرهنگی، گردشگری و صنایع‌دستی استان اردبیل. (1402). گزارش سالانۀ وضعیت گردشگری شهرستان سرعین. انتشارات ادارۀ کل میراث فرهنگی اردبیل.
شکوری، علی و بهرامی، شقایق (1393). مطالعۀ تأثیر گردشگری روستایی بر کاهش فقر از منظر معیشت پایدار: مورد روستاهای قلعۀ نو و کلین شهرستان ری. توسعۀ محلی (روستایی-شهری)، 6(1)، 1-24. https://doi.org/10.22059/jrd.2023.365233.668814
نجفی کانی، علی‌اکبر و نجفی، کبری (1400). ظرفیت‌سنجی گردشگری روستایی و نقش آن در توسعۀ فضایی و اقتصادی نواحی ییلاقی؛ مورد: بخش مرکزی شهرستان دماوند. اقتصاد فضا و توسعۀ روستایی، ۱۰(۳۵)، ۶۹-۹۰.
Rasid, A., Mustafa, M. Z., Suradin, A., & Hassan, R. (2012). Community Capacity Building for Sustainable Tourism Development: Experience from Miso Walai Homestay. Business and Management Review, 2(5), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201010
Adikampana, I. M., Sunarta, I. N., & Pujani, N. L. K. (2019). A model of community-based rural tourism products development. Journal IPTA p-ISSN2338, 8633. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/IPTA.2019.v07.i01.p11
Adikampana, I. M., Sunarta, I. N., & Negara, I. M. K. (2017). Arahan produk pariwisata berbasis masyarakat lokal di wilayah perdesaan. Jurnal IPTA p-ISSN5(2), 2017. https://doi.org/10.24843/IPTA.2017.v05.i02.p02
Adiyia, B., De Rademaeker, S., Vanneste, D., & Ahebwa, W. M. (2017). Understanding local entrepreneurship and small enterprises in the tourism–development nexus: The case of western Uganda. Development Southern Africa, 34(1), 105-120.‌ https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2016.1259991
Anderson, W. (2018). Linkages between tourism and agriculture for inclusive development in Tanzania: A value chain perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 1(2), 168-184.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-11-2017-0021
Andersson, T. D. (2007). The tourist in the experience economy. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism7(1), 46-58.‌ https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701224035
Ardabil Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts Organization. (2023). Annual Report on the Tourism Status of Sarein County. Publications of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage of Ardabil. (In Persian)
Bramwell, B., (2010), Participative Planning and Governance for Sustainable Tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 35, 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081640
Bebbington, A. (1999). Capitals and capabilities: a framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World development27(12), 2021-2044.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00104-7
Byrd, E. T., Bosley, H. E., & Dronberger, M. G. (2009). Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina. Tourism Management30(5), 693-703.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.10.021
Coulibaly, B., & Li, S. (2020). Impact of agricultural land loss on rural livelihoods in peri-urban areas: Empirical evidence from Sebougou, Mali. Land, 9(12), 470.‌ https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120470
Francks, P. (2002). Rural industry, growth linkages, and economic development in nineteenth-century Japan. Journal of Asian Studies, 61(1), 33-55.‌ https://doi.org/10.2307/2700188
George, T. (2023). What is a Focus Group | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/focus-group/
Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2012). Community-based tourism: An exploration of the concept (s) from a political perspective. Tourism Review International, 16(1), 29-43.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427212X13431568321500
Goodwin, H., & Santilli, R. (2009). Community-based tourism: a success?.‌ ICRT Occasional Paper, 11, 1-37. https://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/press-harold-goodwin.pdf
Gunn, C. A., & Var, T., (2002), Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases, Routledge, London. https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781000101164_A40549995/preview-9781000101164_A40549995.pdf
Hiedari Sarban, V., & Maleki, A. (2014). Assessment of rural tourism in the social empowerment of the Ziarat village’s residents from Bavanat city in the province of Farce. The Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)6(2), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.22059/jrd.2014.54324 (In Persian)
Hutagalung, H., Purwana, D., Suhud, U., Mukminin, A., Hamidah, H., & Rahayu, N. (2022). Community self-reliance of rural tourism in Indonesia: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Report, 27(7).‌ https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5215
Jamieson, M., & Chisakala, D. (2016). How self-reliance is understood: Viewpoints from one local community in Malawi. African Research Review, 10(5), 193. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v10i5.14
Kayat, K. (2014). Community-based rural tourism: A proposed sustainability framework. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 12, p. 01010). EDP Sciences.‌ https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201010
King, N. & Horrocks, C. (2010) Interviews in qualitative research. Sage, London. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=919308
Manaf, A., Purbasari, N., Damayanti, M., Aprilia, N., & Astuti, W. (2018). Community-based rural tourism in inter-organizational collaboration: How does it work sustainably? Lessons learned from Nglanggeran Tourism Village, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sustainability, 10(7), 2142.‌ https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072142
Merenda, T., Cannella, S., Denis, J., & Patris, S. (2024). Assistive products in pharmacy practice to optimize medications use for visually impaired patients: Focus groups to explore community pharmacists' opinions and expectations. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy15, 100467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100467
Mtapuri, O., & Giampiccoli, A. (2020). Beyond rural contexts: community-based tourism for a better life in the city. Advances in Hospitality & Tourism Research (AHTR): An International Journal of Akdeniz University, Tourism Faculty, 8(2).‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.690184
Morrison, A. M., & Buhalis, D. (Eds.). (2024). Routledge handbook of trends and issues in tourism sustainability, planning and development, management, and technology. New York, NY: Routledge.‌ https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781000934212_A46625386/preview-9781000934212_A46625386.pdf
Murphy, P. (2013). Tourism: A community approach (RLE Tourism). Routledge.‌ https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203068533
Mtapuri, O., & Giampiccoli, A. (2016). Towards a comprehensive model of community-based tourism development. South African Geographical Journal= Suid-Afrikaanse Geografiese Tydskrif98(1), 154-168.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2014.977813
Najafi kani, A., & Najafi, K. (2021). Rural tourism capacity measurement and its role in the spatial and economic development in mountain areas Case study: villages in the central district of Damavand township. Serd, 10(35), 69-90. (In Persian)
Ohe, Y. (2020). Community-based rural tourism and entrepreneurship. Springer Singapore.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0383-2
Okech, R., Haghiri, M., & George, B. P. (2012). Rural tourism as a sustainable development alternative: An analysis with special reference to Luanda, Kenya. CULTUR-Revista de Cultura e Turismo, 6(3), 36-54.‌ https://periodicos.uesc.br/index.php/cultur/article/view/291/300
Poosiri, P. (2007). Self-reliance of community enterprise: A case study of a Thap Lan Woman’s Weaving group in Prachin Buri province. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 28(3), 357–366. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/kjss/article/view/246463/167433
Puri, A. (2017). Self reliance in relation to learning style of high school students. IERJ: International Education & Research Journal, 3(5), 110–111. https://ierj.in/journal/index.php/ierj/article/view/821/825
George, E. W., Mair, H., & Reid, D. G. (2009). Rural tourism development: Localism and cultural change. Multilingual Matters.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781845411015
Roxas, F. M. Y., Rivera, J. P. R., & Gutierrez, E. L. M. (2020). Mapping stakeholders’ roles in governing sustainable tourism destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 387-398.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.09.005
Runyowa, D. (2017). Community-based tourism development in Victoria Falls, Kompisi Cultural Village: An entrepreneur’s model. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(2), 1-7.‌ https://www.academia.edu/66501263/Community_based_tourism_development_in_Victoria_Falls_Kompisi_Cultural_Village_an_entrepreneur_s_model
Sadovska, V., Ekelund Axelson, L., & Mark-Herbert, C. (2020). Reviewing value creation in agriculture—A conceptual analysis and a new framework. Sustainability, 12(12), 5021.‌ https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125021
Schaumberg, R. L., & Flynn, F. L. (2017). Self-reliance: A gender perspective on its relationship to communality and leadership evaluations. Academy Management Journal, 60(5), 1859-1881 http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0018
Shakoori, A., & Bahrami, S. (2014). A study of the rural tourism impact on poverty reduction using a sustainable livelihood perspective (Villages of Glaehnou and Galin in Rey County). The Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)6(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.22059/jrd.2023.365233.668814 (In Persian)
Singh, S., Timothy, D. J., & Dowling, R. K. (Eds.). (2003). Tourism in destination communities. Cabi Publishing.‌ https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20033017717
Situmorang, R., Trilaksono, T., & Japutra, A. (2019). Friend or Foe? The complex relationship between indigenous people and policymakers regarding rural tourism in Indonesia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 39, 20-29.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.02.001
Sutomo, Y. A. W., Sianipar, C. P., Basu, M., Onitsuka, K., & Hoshino, S. (2023). Tourism value chain: synthesizing value webs to support tourism development and planning. Tourism Review, 78(3), 726-746.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/TR-12-2021-0566
Sutomo, Y. A., Sianipar, C. P., Hoshino, S., & Onitsuka, K. (2024). Self-Reliance in Community-Based Rural Tourism: Observing Tourism Villages (Desa Wisata) in Sleman Regency, Indonesia. Tourism and Hospitality, 5(2), 448-471.‌ https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp5020028
Trejos, B., Nora Chiang, L. H., & Huang, W. C. (2008). Support networks for community-based tourism in rural Costa Rica. The Open Area Studies Journal, 1(1).‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874914300801010016
Wagner, E., Bertholet-Thomas, A., Romier, M., Loin, L., Lemoine, S., Vignot, E., ... & Bacchetta, J. (2024). X-linked hypophosphatemia: The value of feedback focus groups to assess patient and caregiver needs. European Journal of Medical Genetics, 68, 104912.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104912
Zou, T., Huang, S., and Ding, P., (2014), Toward A Community-driven Development Model of Rural Tourism: The Chinese Experience, International Journal of Tourism Research, 16, 261-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1925