The Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranThe Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)2783-07487220150923Foundations of Rural Social Fact: Towards a Self-Sufficient and Indigenous SociologyFoundations of Rural Social Fact: Towards a Self-Sufficient and Indigenous Sociology1731986055910.22059/jrd.2015.60559FAMoosaAnbariAssociate Professor of Sociology, Department of Social Development Studies, University of TehranJournal Article20161121Iranian rural sociology literature, shows local social action is mainly based on political economic pillars of the system of power, wealth and means of production. In other words, in this discourse, rural life is clarified in categories of "government", "Earth", "Water" and "forms of exploitation. Although the explanatory value of these categories is in contrast to self-sufficiency sociology assumption, that means, "the analysis of the social with the other social fact", but let's see what the issues related to "the social" and what level of explanation to bear. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of “public places” in the social reproduction of life in local communities. Article by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the sociology of Durkheim and emphasis on post Durkheim sociological literature, introduces a form of sociological analysis called "self-sufficient and indigenous sociology" and escape from Durkheim reductionism. Self-sufficient Sociology, presents the new definition of "the social" and "right field" of sociology, a way to enter the categories of time, space, nature and the economy and juges about relationship between “Locality” and “community”. In this view, the confluence of mindness (beliefs and culture) and morphological structures and rural social location, are considered as foundations of creation and perpetuation of social action. This type of sociology, instead of stopping on the concepts of wealth, power and climate, focuses on the concept of " “public places" as regulative elements of social action . Communities, places of worship, ritual, normative and exchange, are foundations of rural social action.Iranian rural sociology literature, shows local social action is mainly based on political economic pillars of the system of power, wealth and means of production. In other words, in this discourse, rural life is clarified in categories of "government", "Earth", "Water" and "forms of exploitation. Although the explanatory value of these categories is in contrast to self-sufficiency sociology assumption, that means, "the analysis of the social with the other social fact", but let's see what the issues related to "the social" and what level of explanation to bear. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of “public places” in the social reproduction of life in local communities. Article by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the sociology of Durkheim and emphasis on post Durkheim sociological literature, introduces a form of sociological analysis called "self-sufficient and indigenous sociology" and escape from Durkheim reductionism. Self-sufficient Sociology, presents the new definition of "the social" and "right field" of sociology, a way to enter the categories of time, space, nature and the economy and juges about relationship between “Locality” and “community”. In this view, the confluence of mindness (beliefs and culture) and morphological structures and rural social location, are considered as foundations of creation and perpetuation of social action. This type of sociology, instead of stopping on the concepts of wealth, power and climate, focuses on the concept of " “public places" as regulative elements of social action . Communities, places of worship, ritual, normative and exchange, are foundations of rural social action.https://jrd.ut.ac.ir/article_60559_b570ee0f1534afbf663dcf3455c1ce78.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranThe Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)2783-07487220150923Studying the Development of Village Affairs from Management to Dispersion During the Period Before the Iranian RevolutionStudying the Development of Village Affairs from Management to Dispersion During the Period Before the Iranian Revolution1992206056010.22059/jrd.2015.60560FAMahdiTalebProfessor of Sociology, Department of Social Development Studies, University of Tehran.HosseinImani JajarmiAssociate Professor of Sociology, Department of Social Development Studies, University of Tehran.ShapurSalmanvandiPhD Candidate. Department of Social Development Studies, University of TehranJournal Article20161116The management of village affairs, historically, until the path breaking plan of land reforms was affected by landholding and land ownership systems. This research aimed at studying the nature of village affairs management during landholding system, land ownership system, and the period after land reforms. The method used in this study is qualitative one, and the data is analyzed through thematic analysis technique and its validity is measured through validity-interpretive method. Identifying three major themes regarding the village affairs management, management-monopoly, and the centralization of management and the dispersion of management are among the significant Findings of this inquiry. During the reign of landholding system, a durable system for management of the villages' affairs didn’t take shape due to the transitory of rulers, temporal use of the lands, and the temporal ownership of land among the court chosen individuals. The management of the villages' affairs during this period was based on monopoly management: controlling the Income through verities of tax collections, controlling the sources of the wealth through the landholding monopoly, and controlling the power through ultra-economic relations among land owners and the peasants. During "the land ownership," the villages' management was under central management: Economic political and social procedures of the owner, administrative authority of the alderman, and the codification of government rules were among the major themes of central management over the villages. During the period after the land reforms and after the demise of the main pillar of villages' management (owner) and the decay the alderman's authority, the management began to find a multiple nature. The entry of the white revolution armies into the villages, the formation of the guild house, and also village co-ops and the formation of village council are among the major themes in this period. The finding of the research shows that the village's affairs management was under political coercion, economic-political coercion, and political-social coercion during landholding system, the land ownership, and the period after land reforms, respectively. Accordingly, the political coercion, the economic-political coercion, and political-social management led to the Monopoly of management, the centralization of management, and the dispersion of management of village's affairs, respectively.The management of village affairs, historically, until the path breaking plan of land reforms was affected by landholding and land ownership systems. This research aimed at studying the nature of village affairs management during landholding system, land ownership system, and the period after land reforms. The method used in this study is qualitative one, and the data is analyzed through thematic analysis technique and its validity is measured through validity-interpretive method. Identifying three major themes regarding the village affairs management, management-monopoly, and the centralization of management and the dispersion of management are among the significant Findings of this inquiry. During the reign of landholding system, a durable system for management of the villages' affairs didn’t take shape due to the transitory of rulers, temporal use of the lands, and the temporal ownership of land among the court chosen individuals. The management of the villages' affairs during this period was based on monopoly management: controlling the Income through verities of tax collections, controlling the sources of the wealth through the landholding monopoly, and controlling the power through ultra-economic relations among land owners and the peasants. During "the land ownership," the villages' management was under central management: Economic political and social procedures of the owner, administrative authority of the alderman, and the codification of government rules were among the major themes of central management over the villages. During the period after the land reforms and after the demise of the main pillar of villages' management (owner) and the decay the alderman's authority, the management began to find a multiple nature. The entry of the white revolution armies into the villages, the formation of the guild house, and also village co-ops and the formation of village council are among the major themes in this period. The finding of the research shows that the village's affairs management was under political coercion, economic-political coercion, and political-social coercion during landholding system, the land ownership, and the period after land reforms, respectively. Accordingly, the political coercion, the economic-political coercion, and political-social management led to the Monopoly of management, the centralization of management, and the dispersion of management of village's affairs, respectively.https://jrd.ut.ac.ir/article_60560_3a54c8f09c894099099e37080e3f5963.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranThe Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)2783-07487220150923Sociological Redefinition of the Concept of Neighborhood from the Residents' Viewpoint: A Phenomenological Study of Kan Neighborhood in District 5 of TehranSociological Redefinition of the Concept of Neighborhood from the Residents' Viewpoint: A Phenomenological Study of Kan Neighborhood in District 5 of Tehran2212406056110.22059/jrd.2015.60561FASeyedeh MaedehGhorashiPhD Candidate, Department of Sociology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, TehranMostafaAzkiaProfessor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran0000-0002-6217-3324Seyed Mohammad SadeghMahdaviProfessor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, TehranJournal Article20160228Urbanization is regarded as one of the necessities of life in the present era. It is a social phenomenon that can pave the way for development and is itself a product of development. It is not the urban buildings and furniture that make up a city; rather, what makes up a city and gives it identity is the interactions among citizens and the sense of citizenship. A neighborhood is the smallest unit of urban organization. This study aims at redefining the concept of neighborhood in the minds of its residents. The method used was descriptive phenomenology. The population under study was Kan neighborhood in District 5 of Tehran, Iran. The number of interviewees was 32, and the theoretical saturation method was used in sampling. Moreover, concepts and theories from Putnam, Cooley, Lynch, Schwartz, and Rapoport were used. The analysis of the interviews revealed three main themes: granting identity, social capital, and subjectivity. A combination of these three themes makes up the definition of neighborhood in the minds of the residents of Kan neighborhood. The interpretation of data revealed that neighborhood is a phenomenon that cannot be considered merely in physical or abstract terms; there are non-physical factors essential in its identification and nature.Urbanization is regarded as one of the necessities of life in the present era. It is a social phenomenon that can pave the way for development and is itself a product of development. It is not the urban buildings and furniture that make up a city; rather, what makes up a city and gives it identity is the interactions among citizens and the sense of citizenship. A neighborhood is the smallest unit of urban organization. This study aims at redefining the concept of neighborhood in the minds of its residents. The method used was descriptive phenomenology. The population under study was Kan neighborhood in District 5 of Tehran, Iran. The number of interviewees was 32, and the theoretical saturation method was used in sampling. Moreover, concepts and theories from Putnam, Cooley, Lynch, Schwartz, and Rapoport were used. The analysis of the interviews revealed three main themes: granting identity, social capital, and subjectivity. A combination of these three themes makes up the definition of neighborhood in the minds of the residents of Kan neighborhood. The interpretation of data revealed that neighborhood is a phenomenon that cannot be considered merely in physical or abstract terms; there are non-physical factors essential in its identification and nature.https://jrd.ut.ac.ir/article_60561_2f04b2c1b3bbb1cef4814fe2e1465068.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranThe Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)2783-07487220150923Mehr Housing and New Communities’ Right to the City: A Case Study of the Parand ProjectMehr Housing and New Communities’ Right to the City: A Case Study of the Parand Project2412586056210.22059/jrd.2015.60562FAPooyaAlaediniAssociate Professor of Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, Univ. of TehranMaryamJamshidinasabGradate of MA Program in Social Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, Univesity of TehranJournal Article20160824<strong>Abstract </strong><br /> In this article, we assess the Mehr Housing Project carried out in the new city of Parand near Tehran in terms of the right to the city. The required information was collected in two periods—once in 2012 at the time of the first settlements in the project’s housing units and another time in 2015 when most units were occupied. Field work for the study benefited from a qualitative approach—including observation, interviews with the project authorities, and interviews with residents, and a desk review of available documents. Findings indicate that provision of inexpensive shelter may not necessarily ensure equity, as housing ownership in this way may negatively impact residents’ right to the city. Among other things, employment opportunities may become scarce for the new communities. Iran’s new Comprehensive Housing Plan calls for the replacement of Mehr Housing Project with new low-income housing initiatives. Yet, this change of path requires better insights into earlier experiences with the Mehr Housing Plan. Indeed, it is necessary that policy-makers take into consideration the need for side services and opportunities— including employment, education, healthcare, and urban services.<strong>Abstract </strong><br /> In this article, we assess the Mehr Housing Project carried out in the new city of Parand near Tehran in terms of the right to the city. The required information was collected in two periods—once in 2012 at the time of the first settlements in the project’s housing units and another time in 2015 when most units were occupied. Field work for the study benefited from a qualitative approach—including observation, interviews with the project authorities, and interviews with residents, and a desk review of available documents. Findings indicate that provision of inexpensive shelter may not necessarily ensure equity, as housing ownership in this way may negatively impact residents’ right to the city. Among other things, employment opportunities may become scarce for the new communities. Iran’s new Comprehensive Housing Plan calls for the replacement of Mehr Housing Project with new low-income housing initiatives. Yet, this change of path requires better insights into earlier experiences with the Mehr Housing Plan. Indeed, it is necessary that policy-makers take into consideration the need for side services and opportunities— including employment, education, healthcare, and urban services.https://jrd.ut.ac.ir/article_60562_f2a0d77e1281b140a037ecd69dd8b509.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranThe Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)2783-07487220150923Analysis on of the Interaction Problems Migrants in the Two Rural and Urban Communities: A Case Study of Rural Migrants City of Nurabad MamasaniAnalysis on of the Interaction Problems Migrants in the Two Rural and Urban Communities: A Case Study of Rural Migrants City of Nurabad Mamasani2592766056310.22059/jrd.2015.60563FASaeedAmanpourAssociate Professor of Geography Department, Shahid Chamran University of AhwazMohammad RezaAmiri FahlianiPhD Candidate, Dept. of Geography, Shahid Chamran University of AhwazJournal Article20160215This study Trying to understand the problems that people in both urban and rural migrants face and analysis of their residence status and future decisions in order to improve the quality of their location in the city and also help to the villages to prevent and reduce rural-urban migration and contribute to social stability. The aim of this study rural migrants face similar problems in the village, but at a level lower than the problems that were are encountered. The research method, a combination of survey and questionnaire-based cross that field visit. And by using the Shannon entropy TOPSIS model and the findings of the study will be discussed. Research results suggest that that due to the fact that the main factors affecting rural migration to urban mamasani city Nurabad economic factors and lack of facilities in the city and villages. And these people have left their villages in the hope of having better amenities and are open to city Nurabad Nomads settled in neighborhoods such as the neighborhood in the category of deprived neighborhoods of the city with facilities and services. And in both of these people with the lowest level services in rural as well as urban areas have migrated to the city with the lowest service.This study Trying to understand the problems that people in both urban and rural migrants face and analysis of their residence status and future decisions in order to improve the quality of their location in the city and also help to the villages to prevent and reduce rural-urban migration and contribute to social stability. The aim of this study rural migrants face similar problems in the village, but at a level lower than the problems that were are encountered. The research method, a combination of survey and questionnaire-based cross that field visit. And by using the Shannon entropy TOPSIS model and the findings of the study will be discussed. Research results suggest that that due to the fact that the main factors affecting rural migration to urban mamasani city Nurabad economic factors and lack of facilities in the city and villages. And these people have left their villages in the hope of having better amenities and are open to city Nurabad Nomads settled in neighborhoods such as the neighborhood in the category of deprived neighborhoods of the city with facilities and services. And in both of these people with the lowest level services in rural as well as urban areas have migrated to the city with the lowest service.https://jrd.ut.ac.ir/article_60563_a8dfaa9fa4a1ddc04d763b5f27e88a00.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranThe Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)2783-07487220150923Analysis of Satisfaction with the Quality of Dehyari Service with Using Gam Model: A Case Study of BonabAnalysis of Satisfaction with the Quality of Dehyari Service with Using Gam Model: A Case Study of Bonab2772986056410.22059/jrd.2015.60564FAVakilHiedari SarbanAssociate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil.AliMajnoony TootakhanePhD Candidate of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Bonab, BonabMojtabaMofareh- BonabGradate of MA Program, Department of Art & Architecture, University of Bonab, BonabJournal Article20150922This reaserch utilizing Gap model evaluates Dehyaris’ services quality. To this end on the basis of theoretical principles and Dehyaris’ responsibilities 32 statements in behavioral, structural, social, economic and hygienic aspects was defined. The study area is 29 villages of Bonab County of East Azabaijan County (Iran). Population size consists of 14559 rural householders inhabited in mentioned villages and according to Cochran’s formula sample size equal to 400 persons. Research instrument was rural householder’s questionnaire that its validity approved by expert panel and Reliability confirmed via Cronbach’s alpha (α > 0.88- α > 0.90 in all aspects). Findings revealed that in all mentioned aspect Deharys’ services quality was little and the gap between peasants’ expectations and perceptions especially in regard of economic aspect was greater than other dimensions. Also determined that between variables such as Dehyar’s quality of behavior, his age and his participating in vocational education courses, with Deharys’ services quality in various aspects there is approvable positive correlation. Furthermore in regard of factors same as rural mayor’s education level, his second job and type of his presence in village, significant differences can be seen in Deharys’ services quality. Finally items such as arranging coordination and cooperation between sectors and organizations, considering organizational behavior, experience, educational quality and vocational education factors put forwarded for improving rural municipalities’ services quality and increasing peasants’ satisfaction.This reaserch utilizing Gap model evaluates Dehyaris’ services quality. To this end on the basis of theoretical principles and Dehyaris’ responsibilities 32 statements in behavioral, structural, social, economic and hygienic aspects was defined. The study area is 29 villages of Bonab County of East Azabaijan County (Iran). Population size consists of 14559 rural householders inhabited in mentioned villages and according to Cochran’s formula sample size equal to 400 persons. Research instrument was rural householder’s questionnaire that its validity approved by expert panel and Reliability confirmed via Cronbach’s alpha (α > 0.88- α > 0.90 in all aspects). Findings revealed that in all mentioned aspect Deharys’ services quality was little and the gap between peasants’ expectations and perceptions especially in regard of economic aspect was greater than other dimensions. Also determined that between variables such as Dehyar’s quality of behavior, his age and his participating in vocational education courses, with Deharys’ services quality in various aspects there is approvable positive correlation. Furthermore in regard of factors same as rural mayor’s education level, his second job and type of his presence in village, significant differences can be seen in Deharys’ services quality. Finally items such as arranging coordination and cooperation between sectors and organizations, considering organizational behavior, experience, educational quality and vocational education factors put forwarded for improving rural municipalities’ services quality and increasing peasants’ satisfaction.https://jrd.ut.ac.ir/article_60564_429e92ea17bfe5fb997bb89b72be73ce.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranThe Journal of Community Development (Rural-Urban)2783-07487220150923The Women World in the Light of Spaces of Modern Urban GenderThe Women World in the Light of Spaces of Modern Urban Gender2993226056510.22059/jrd.2015.60565FAAhmadGhiasvandAssistant Professor of Sociology, University of Allameh TabatabaiJournal Article20160906The status of women in Iranian society is closely related to modern developments. One of the aspects of change in the world of women is urban spaces of Female in city Tehran. This study examines the impact of urban spaces, Shahrbanou complex, on the world of women.These developments explain the changes in social opportunities (to improve leisure opportunities and empower of women), social norms (modernization of home duties and changing gender attitudes) and social spaces (representation of gender identity and formation of the Female Meeting place). This study was conducted to survey. The study population included all women using Shahrbanou complexes of Tehran(four districts) in 1390.The sample size was estimated based on the sample of 237 people. Sampling was used for multi-stage sampling. Results show changes in women's sexual and gender values and norms in terms of two concept of "women's bodies" and " women's mind” which in turn has caused a change in the "traditional world" in tend to "modern world". This development in terms of sociological (To interpret Tönnies) is understandable moving from the "community" to "society". The components of the changes include: the formation of modern individualism among women, increasing skills and modern awareness among women and the development of social participation.The status of women in Iranian society is closely related to modern developments. One of the aspects of change in the world of women is urban spaces of Female in city Tehran. This study examines the impact of urban spaces, Shahrbanou complex, on the world of women.These developments explain the changes in social opportunities (to improve leisure opportunities and empower of women), social norms (modernization of home duties and changing gender attitudes) and social spaces (representation of gender identity and formation of the Female Meeting place). This study was conducted to survey. The study population included all women using Shahrbanou complexes of Tehran(four districts) in 1390.The sample size was estimated based on the sample of 237 people. Sampling was used for multi-stage sampling. Results show changes in women's sexual and gender values and norms in terms of two concept of "women's bodies" and " women's mind” which in turn has caused a change in the "traditional world" in tend to "modern world". This development in terms of sociological (To interpret Tönnies) is understandable moving from the "community" to "society". The components of the changes include: the formation of modern individualism among women, increasing skills and modern awareness among women and the development of social participation.https://jrd.ut.ac.ir/article_60565_ce433a6ced6bc4dc61712fa60eb17fe4.pdf